戈特弗里德·冯·哈伯勒

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戈特弗里德·冯·哈伯勒（Gottfried Von Haberler，1900.7.20∼1995.5.6）

　　他是奥地利出生的美国经济学家、写作家及教育工作者。精于国际贸易。路德维希·冯·密塞斯的新奥地利学派的参与者。

• 1923年毕业于维也纳大学

• 1925年获博士学位，后又在英国和美国学习。

• 1928 年在维也纳大学讲授经济学及统计学，后升教授，1936年离开该校。

• 1934∼1936年兼任国际联盟顾问。

• 1936∼1971年任哈佛大学经济学教授。

• 1971年参加首都华盛顿美国企业研究所工作。

　　1937年发表《国际贸易理论》，用机会成本概念重新阐述比较成本理论；该书影响甚广，被学术界公认为名著。他还发表过有关汇率稳定性与灵活性以及有关关税的著作。

　　1937年他为国联所撰关于商业循环的专题研究《繁荣与萧条》，充分显示出其综述经济文献中重要因素的出色才华和能力。

　　Although taught by Wieser and von Mises and later a professor at Vienna, Gottfried Haberler was a product of the Austrian School but not exactly a doctrinaire follower of Austrian theory. In 1936, Haberler moved to Harvard where, together with Schumpeter, he would be instrumental in the formation of the Harvard generation of economists.

　　Haberler's two major works - Theory of Internatinonal Trade (1936) and Prosperity and Depression (1937) - were hailed as masterly tomes which, for the first time in either field, drew together numerous scattered ideas into a single theoretical treatment which was both encyclopaedic and rigorous. His work on international trade theory was complemented by several articles which sought to place the theory of comparative advantage on both a positive and normative basis. His rewriting of the theory of comparative advantage in terms of opportunity cost, rather than real cost, led to a long debate with Jacob Viner.

　　His work on business cycles contains a sizzling critique of Keynes's General Theory, followed up by his equally unsympathetic 1946 and 1962 reviews of the same. He was an unreconstructed proponent of over-investment theories of the cycle, like that of Hayek.

　　Haberler was also addicted to policy. From the beginning, he was a constant advocate of both free trade and flexible exchange rates as well as arguing the Monetarist line on internal government policy. In 1971, Haberler left Harvard to become a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute together with his old schoolmate Fritz Machlup. His neo-liberal policy prescriptions becoming the hallmark of that institution.

　　Major works of Gottfried Haberler

• Der Sinn der indexzahlen, 1927.

• "Irving Fisher's Theory of Interest", 1931, QJE.

• "Money and the Business Cycle", 1932, in Wright, editor, Gold and Monetary Stabilization

• Der Internationale Handel, 1933.

• The Theory of International Trade, 1936.

• "Mr Keynes' Theory of the Multiplier", 1936, ZfN

• Prosperity and Depression: A theoretical analysis of cyclical movements, 1937.

• "The General Theory After Ten Years", 1947, in Harris, editor, The New Economics.

• "Sixteen Years Later", 1962, in Lekachman, editor, Keynes's General Theory.

• "The Market for Foreign Exchange and the Stability of the Balance of Payments", 1949, Kyklos.

• "Some Problems in the Pure Theory of International Trade", 1950, EJ.

• "The Pigou Effect Once More", 1952, JPE.

• "Sixteen Years Later", 1963, in Lekachman, editor, Keynes' General Theory

• "Integration and Growth of the World Economy in perspective", 1964, AER.

• Money in the International Economy, 1965.

• Inflation: Its causes and cures, 1966.

• "Monetary and Fiscal Policy for Economic Stability and Growth", 1967, Il Politico.

• "Theoretical Reflections on the Trade of Socialist Countries", 1968, in Brown and Neuberger, editors, International Trade and Central Planning.

• Incomes Policy and Inflation, 1971.

• Economic Growth and Stability, 1974.

• Two Essays on the Future of the International Monetary Order, 1974.

• The World Economy and the Great Depression, 1976.

　　Resources on Gottfried von Haberler

• HET Pages: the Opportunity Cost Doctrine

• Gottfried Haberler Papers at Hoover Institution

• Haberler Page at Laura Forgette