马尔可夫

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马尔可夫（Markov）

　　马尔可夫出生于梁赞，他的父亲是一位中级官员，后来举家迁往圣彼得堡。1874年马尔可夫入圣彼得堡大学，师从切比雪夫，毕业后留校任教。1886年当选为圣彼得堡科学院院士。马尔可夫的主要研究领域在概率和统计方面。他的研究开创了随机过程这个新的领域，以他的名字命名的马尔可夫链在现代工程、自然科学和社会科学各个领域都有很广泛的应用。

　　马尔可夫1922年逝世于圣彼得堡。马尔可夫的儿子A·A·小马尔可夫也是一位著名数学家。

• 马尔可夫时序预测法

• 马尔可夫链模型

• 马尔可夫决策过程

• 马尔可夫过程

• 马尔可夫转移矩阵法

　　Andrei Andreyevich Markov's mother was Nadezhda Petrovna, who was the daughter of a state worker, and his father was Andrei Grigorievich Markov, the son of a country deacon. Andrei Grigorievich Markov studied at a church seminary, then got a job as a clerk. The family moved to St Petersburg where Andrei Grigorievich served in the Forestry Department and then became a manager of various households and estates. Andrei Grigorievich married twice; with his first wife Nadezhda he had two sons and several daughters. Andrei Andreyevich was the oldest of the two boys while the younger was Vladimir. Although Vladimir died from tuberculosis at the age of 25, he had already gained an international reputation as a mathematician.

　　In his early years Markov was in poor health and up to the age of ten he could only walk with the assistance of crutches. His secondary schooling was at St Petersburg Gymnasium No 5 where he showed outstanding talents for mathematics but performed rather poorly in other subjects. He wrote his first mathematics paper while at the Gymnasium but his results on integration of linear differential equations which were presented in the paper were not new. However, writing the paper did result in him meeting Korkin and Zolotarev, two of the leading professors at the university. It was clear that mathematics was the right subject for Markov to study at university and, in 1874, he entered the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St Petersburg University. There he enrolled in the seminar run by Korkin and Zolotarev but also attended lectures by Chebyshev, the head of the mathematics department. These were particularly stimulating to Markov, since Chebyshev often encouraged an atmosphere of research by posing new questions and problems for his students to investigate.

　　Markov graduated in 1878 having won the gold medal for submitting the best essay for the prize topic set by the faculty in that year - On the integration of differential equations by means of continued fractions. He now wished to train to become a university professor and worked for his Master's degree over the next two years (this was at a level equivalent to a doctorate). He was awarded the degree in 1880 for his thesis On the binary quadratic forms with positive determinant. This thesis was outstanding

　　This work, very highly esteemed by Chebyshev, represents one of the finest achievements of the St Petersburg school of number theory, and perhaps even of all Russian mathematics. It is enough to recall the sorts of questions in the field of rational approximation which at that time preoccupied the most prominent number theorists of France and Germany, to appreciate how much deeper into the field Markov had penetrated. it is therefore perhaps not surprising that, although the dissertation was published immediately (in French in Mathematische Annalen), it did not become generally absorbed by west European mathematicians, until from 1910 to the 1920s the Berlin mathematicians Frobenius and Remak attempted to master the set of ideas contained in Markov's work.

After submitting his master's thesis, Markov began to teach at St Petersburg University as a privatdozent while working for his doctorate (equivalent to the habilitation). He was awarded his doctorate in 1884 for his dissertation On certain applications of continued fractions.

　　Markov had known Maria Ivanova Valvatyeva since they were children for she was the daughter of the owner of the estate which his father was managing. Markov had tutored Maria Ivanova in mathematics and later he proposed marriage to her. However Maria Ivanova's mother would not allow her daughter to marry the son of her estate manager until Markov had gained sufficient social status. In 1883 Maria Ivanova's mother agreed to the marriage which took place in that year.

　　Markov became an extraordinary professor at St Petersburg University in 1886 and an ordinary professor in 1893. Chebyshev proposed Markov as an adjunct of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1886. He was elected as an extraordinary member in 1890 and an ordinary academician in 1896. He formally retired in 1905 but continued to teach for most of his life.

　　Markov's early work was mainly in number theory and analysis, algebraic continued fractions, limits of integrals, approximation theory and the convergence of series. After 1900 Markov applied the method of continued fractions, pioneered by his teacher Pafnuty Chebyshev, to probability theory.

Markov was the most elegant spokesman for Chebyshev's ideas and directions of research in probability theory. Especially remarkable is his research relating to the theorem of Jacob Bernoulli known as the Law of Large Numbers, to two fundamental theorems of probability theory due to Chebyshev, and to the method of least squares.

　　He also studied sequences of mutually dependent variables, hoping to establish the limiting laws of probability in their most general form. He proved the central limit theorem under fairly general assumptions. Markov is particularly remembered for his study of Markov chains, sequences of random variables in which the future variable is determined by the present variable but is independent of the way in which the present state arose from its predecessors. This work founded a completely new branch of probability theory and launched the theory of stochastic processes. In 1923 Norbert Wiener became the first to treat rigorously a continuous Markov process. The foundation of a general theory was provided during the 1930s by Andrei Kolmogorov.

　　Sergi Bernstein, who continued to develop the theory of Markov chains, wrote.

　　A A Markov's classic course on the computation of probabilities, and his original memoirs, models of accuracy and clarity of exposition, contributed to a very large extent to the transformation of the theory of probability into one of the most perfected areas of mathematics, and to the wide dissemination of Chebyshev's methods and directions of research. His profound analysis in the spirit of Chebyshev of the dependencies among observed random phenomena allowed Markov to extend probability theory in an essential way through the introduction and investigation of dependent random quantities.

　　Markov was also interested in poetry and he made studies of poetic style - perhaps surprisingly Kolmogorov had similar interests. It is worth pointing out, however, that although Markov developed his theory of Markov chains as a purely mathematical work without considering physical applications, he did apply the ideas to chains of two states, namely vowels and consonants, in literary texts. His interest in poetry was not, therefore, an entirely separate interest from his mathematical work.

　　As a lecturer, Markov demanded much of his students (A A Youschkevitch, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990))

His lectures were distinguished by an irreproachable strictness of argument, and he developed in his students that mathematical cast of mind that takes nothing for granted. He included in his courses many recent results of investigations, while often omitting traditional questions. The lectures were difficult, and only serious students could understand them. ... During his lectures he did not bother about the order of equations on the blackboard, nor about his personal appearance.

　　Markov lived through a period of great political activity in Russia and, having firm opinions, he became heavily involved. Maksim Gorky, the Russian short-story writer, novelist and left wing activist, was elected a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1902, but his election was soon withdrawn for political reasons on the Tsar's orders. Markov protested strongly and refused to accept honours awarded him on the following year. In June 1907 Tsar Nicholas dissolved the Second Duma which had been elected with majority on the left. Markov repudiated his membership and might have expected to suffer severe consequences but the authorities chose not to make an example of an elderly and distinguished academician. In 1913 the Romanov dynasty, which had been in power in Russia since 1613, celebrated their 300 years of power. This was not likely to improve their already weak position. Markov showed his disapproval of the celebration but holding celebrations of his own - he celebrated 200 years of the Law of Large Numbers! The Russian Revolution began early in 1917 as food supplies ran low. In September of that year Markov requested the Academy to send him to a disadvantaged town in the Russian interior. He was sent to Zaraisk, a small country town, where he taught mathematics in the secondary school without receiving any remuneration. He returned to St Petersburg but his health was now deteriorating and he had an eye operation. Although by 1921 he was in such a bad way that he was hardly able to stand, yet he continued to lecture on probability at the university. His death in July 1922 came after months of the most severe suffering.

　　Markov had a son (of the same name) who was born on 9 September 1903 and followed his father in also becoming a renowned mathematician.