菲利普·威克斯蒂德

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菲利普·威克斯蒂德(P. H. Wicksteed)

　　菲利普·威克斯蒂德(25 October 1844 – 18 March 1927)毕业于伦敦大学，毕业后于1874年开始担任一个街道教会的牧师，并在此后的20年里成为此教派的领导人物。他的学术爱好非常广泛，对文学、哲学、社会学等都有兴趣且均有建树，还是当时极有名气的中世纪史学家。

Philip Henry Wicksteed is known primarily as an economist. He was also an English Unitarian theologian (son of a Unitarian clergyman), classicist, medievalist, and literary critic.

Wicksteed was educated at University College, London and Manchester New College. In 1867 he received his master's degree with a gold medal in classics. Following his father into the Unitarian ministry in 1867, Wicksteed embarked on an extraordinarily broad range of scholarly and theological explorations.

His theological and ethical writings continued long after he left the pulpit (in 1897), and appear to have been a starting-point for many of his other fields of scholarly inquiry. These included his interest in Dante, which not only produced a remarkable list of publications, but also built Wicksteed's reputation as one of the foremost medievalists of his time. It was Wicksteed's theologically-driven interest in and concern for the ethics of modern commercial society, with its disturbing inequalities of wealth and income, which appear to have led him into his economic studies (following on his reading of Henry George's 1879 Progress and Poverty).

Perhaps it was just by circumstance that economics entered Wicksteed's field of scholarly vision, as only one of a number of areas of his interest (to most of which he was committed for years before he began his Economics) and in the middle of the fourth decade of his life. This led Joseph Schumpeter to remark that Wicksteed “stood somewhat outside of the economics profession”.

Yet, within a few years Wicksteed was to publish significant economic work of his own, carefully expounding on the theory he learned from Jevons, and to become for many years a lecturer on economics for the University of London Extension Lectures (a kind of adult-education program initiated in the 1870s to extend “the teaching of the universities, to serve up some of the crumbs from the university tables, in a portable and nutritious form, for some of the multitude who had no chance of sitting there”).

In 1894, Wicksteed published his celebrated An Essay on the Co-ordination of the Laws of Distribution, in which he sought to prove mathematically that a distributive system which rewarded factory-owners according to marginal productivity would exhaust the total product produced. But it was his 1910 The Common Sense of Political Economy which most comprehensively presents Wicksteed's economic system.

University College Library contains correspondence between Wicksteed's wife, Emily and Maria Sharpe Pearson, the wife of Karl Pearson (Helga Hacker papers)

• 《分配规律的同位论》(An Essay on the Coordination of the Laws of Distribution,1894)
• 《政治经济学常识》(The Common Sense of Political Economy,1910)

　　1887年，出于对学术研究的热忱他辞去牧师职务，专心从事经济学的研究与著述，但是他的第一本著作《分配规律的同位论》(An Essay on the Coordination of the Laws of Distribution, 1894)却只卖出了两本。他的代表作《政治经济学常识》(The Common Sense of Political Economy, 1910)曾受到洛桑学派第二代掌门、曾做过意大利一家铁路公司经理、瓦尔拉斯的传人、被后人称之为福利经济学之父的帕雷托和埃奇沃斯的高度评价与赞赏。