时间价值图

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时间价值图(Time Value Map)

　　时间价值图(Time Value Map)是一种用时间表达的特殊价值图。是6西格玛方法中的一种工具。

　　⑴以具体的图象说明流程中机智与非价值时间;

　　⑵相较于价值图，时间价值图更能掌握整体周期时间。

　　⑴判定流程周期时间;

　　⑵判定步骤之间的等候时间(延迟)及执行每项工作所需的价值时间;

　　⑶画出一个时间轴,并将总流程时间等分成单位时间;

　　⑷将流程中的步骤与延迟依发生顺序标示在图上,并以不同的区块标示时间;

　　⑸画出反馈的循环(Feedback Loop),并标出输出百分比(Yield Percentage);

　　⑹价值所使用的时间。

　　A Time Value Map is a tool used in Lean and Six Sigma methodology. It tracks a work item through its process and tracks where it spends its time. It follows the product from raw material to output into the customer's hands to determine where it spends valuable time and where waste time can be eliminated. To better understand what this means, we must first explore both Lean and Six Sigma a little.

　　One of the primary goals of the Lean Six Sigma project management methodology is the elimination and reduction of waste. There are different types of waste in the Six Sigma terminology. These seven types of waste are:

• Overproduction - occurs when a product is made without a buyer
• Waiting - occurs when a product sits in waiting for processing
• Transport - occurs when a product is moved to many different places
• Inventory - occurs when a product is stored and it costs money
• Over-processing - occurs when a step in the process is unnecessary or redundant
• Motion - occurs when people move excessively
• Defects - occurs when an error in the process occurs

　　Companies that wish to save money and resources do well to reduce waste in their processes. The reason a time value map is so crucial to project management is that it allows identification of areas of waste.

　　The first step in creating a time value map is selecting which work item's process to track. Perhaps the work item hasn't been completed quickly enough in the past, or customer complains have led you to determine that it needs tracking. Whatever the reasoning behind selecting a particular work item, make sure that everyone is clear on what is going to be tracked.

　　Second, you will be tracking the work item in three categories:

• value-added activity
• unavoidable waste
• avoidable waste

　　A value-added activity is one which adds value to the end product. It is titled value-added because the customer or end-client user is the one that places the value on the product or service you are providing. Unavoidable waste is just like it sounds. It is waste that is an unavoidable part of the business process that the customer is not paying for. Avoidable waste includes things like delayed starts, too many people handling the product, or mistakes that are made.

　　Draw the Time Value Map

　　Now that you know the three categories, you can track each of the activities involved in the work process. You will need to track each activity involved in the work item's process and the time it takes to complete the activity.

　　Once you have the data, you can make your time value map. The map will look very much like the one to the left, created by Dylan Jones for the article "Lean Techniques to Help Your Data Quality Improvement Initiative."

　　The center line is the timeline for the entirety of your project's duration. Above this line, you will chart the activities that are value-added work at the appropriate time on the time line. Below the timeline, you will track the waste. The creator of the chart used two different colors to differentiate between unavoidable and avoidable waste.

　　Finally, once you have a visualization of the time value in your project, you can begin to eliminate areas of waste and improve the quality and speed of your work item process.

　　案例：资金时间价值图

　　如果时间价值以年表示，则“0”表示第一年初这一时间点；“1”表示第一年年末这一时间点，或表示第二年年初这一时间点；依此类推，一直到“n”，即“n”表示第n年年末这一时间点，或表示第（n+1）年年初这一时间点。在0和1之间的数轴表示第一年这一时间段；依此类推，在（n-1）和n之间的数轴表示第n年这一时间段。在时间点上发生的现金流量，如果是现金流出量，用负数或（数值）表示；如果是现金流入量，用正数表示。