戈登·图洛克

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戈登·图洛克(Gordon Tullock)

　　戈登·图洛克(Gordon Tullock)1922年出生于美国伊利诺斯州，是国际上最为重要的公共选择经济学家，著述丰富。他致力于将经济学的理性分析方法引入政治决策过程的研究，研究领域覆盖国家起源理论、官僚主义、独裁、民主和法庭内部的决策行为等等。他最近一个职位是在乔治·梅森大学（George Mason University）的法和经济学研究中心担任教授。

　　1922年出生于美国伊利诺斯州，1947年获得芝加哥大学法学博士学位，1992年获芝加哥大学法学荣誉博士学位。1949—1956年任职于美国外交部，曾先后在中国天津、香港和韩国等国家和地区从事过外交服务工作，其间开始转向对经济学的研究。1957年在费城第一次与布坎南相遇，他关于官僚政治的经济学分析引起了布坎南的重视。

　　1958年被邀请作为博士后人员加盟由布坎南和沃伦·纳特在弗吉尼亚大学创办的杰菲逊政治经济学研究中心（1969年更名为公共选择研究中心）

　　1962年，他和布坎南合著的《同意的计算》（中国社会科学出版社，1999年）为公共选择学派奠定了理论基础，并标志着公共选择作为一门独立的学科得以产生。从此，塔洛克的名字也与布坎南和公共选择联系在一起。

　　1963年他和布坎南创立了“公共选择学会”，1965年出版了他的个人专著《官僚政治学》，开启了公共选择理论中的官僚经济学 1967年发表了《关税、垄断和偷窃的福利成本》（《经济社会体制比较》2000年第1期）一文，奠定了他作为寻租理论创始人的地位。

　　1969年他创立了《公共选择》杂志，并担任该杂志主编长达二十五年之久，使这本杂志成为目前全世界30种最重要的期刊之一。

　　塔洛克曾经担任过公共选择学会第二任会长，东部经济学会会长，南部经济学会会长。1998年获得美国经济协会“杰出会员奖”（该奖只授予那些对经济理论和经济思想作出过杰出贡献的美国经济学家）。

　　到 1991年为止他的论文和论著被三十几个学科引证达3991次。被当今活着的最著名的经济学术史专家马克·布劳格（张维迎，1997年）列入《世界重要经济学辞典》（经济科学出版社，1987年）、《凯恩斯以后最有影响的100位经济学家》（西南财经大学，1989年）。

　　塔洛克还是《新帕尔格需夫经济学大辞典》中“公共选择”、“寻租”和“经济学在生物学中的运用”等辞条的撰写人，这在相当程度上也反映了他在这些领域的贡献。因为，该辞典的主编在“出版说明”中指出：“经过深入讨论和协商，编辑们筛选和确定了条目，并约请数百名学者撰稿，他们的学术专长堪称当今经济学各个分支和各种观点的代表”（《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典》第一卷，经济科学出版社，1992年，第1页）。除前面列举的代表著和论文以外，塔洛克还著有《关于政治数学》（1967年）、《私人欲望、公共途径理想政府范围的经济学分析》（1970年）、《收入再分配经济学》（1983年）、《新联邦拥护者》（1994年）、《非人类社会经济学》（1994）、《寻租》（1994年，西南财经大学出版社，1999年）、《论投票》（1998年）等23部著作和几百篇论文，它们主要涉及福利经济学、公共选择、法和经济学、生物经济学等领域。

　　Gordon Tullock (born February 13, 1922) is a retired Professor of Law and Economics at the George Mason University School of Law in Arlington, Virginia.

　　A native of Rockford, Illinois, Tullock was in the Foreign Service posted in China and later participated in the Normandy invasion. He was fluent in Chinese at one point of time and an expert on Chinese cuisine.

　　He received his J.D. from the University of Chicago in 1947 and an honorary Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1994. He is a distinguished fellow of the American Economic Association (1998). He has published more than 150 papers and 23 books, including The Politics of Bureaucracy (1965), Private Wants, Public Means (1970), The Logic of the Law (1971), The Vote Motive (1976; 2006), Autocracy (1987), Rent Seeking (1993), The Economics of Non-Human Societies (1994) and On Voting: A Public Choice Approach (1998).

　　The Calculus of Consent (1962), which he co-authored with James M. Buchanan, is considered to be one of the classic works that founded the discipline of public choice theory. In 1967 he identified the phenomenon of rent-seeking in one of the most groundbreaking economics papers ever published. “Tullock’s hypotheses,” “Tullock’s laws,” and “Tullock’s paradoxes” have shaped the development of public choice and have charted new areas in law and economics and sociobiology.

　　In 1966, Professor Tullock became the founding editor of Papers in Non-Market Decision Making, a journal which was later renamed Public Choice. Until May 1990 he remained senior editor of Public Choice. He has also served as President of the Southern Economic Association, the Western Economic Association and the Public Choice Society. In 1996 he was elected to the American Political Science Review Hall of Fame.

　　What is Gordon Tullock Most Famous For?

　　His pioneering work in public choice theory and the political economy of rent seeking. His book The Calculus of Concent which he coauthored with Nobel Laureaute James Buchanan is one of the most widely read post-war economics books.

　　Well-Known Articles Written by Gordon Tullock

　　His article "The Welfare Costs of Tariffs, Monopolies and Theft" in the Western Economics Journal (1967) is well known. His article "Public Decisions and Public Goods" is also well known. My favorite Gordon Tullock paper is "The General Irrelevance of the General Impossibility Theorem" (1967) which is still studied in many Political Economy classes.

　　Books Written by Gordon Tullock

　　Tullock has written many books, none of which were as famous as The Calculus of Concent. His biography lists the following books: The Logic of the Law, The Politics of Bureaucracy, The Social Dilemma, Autocracy, The Economics of Non-Human Societies, Rent Seeking and On Voting.

　　Graduate Students of Gordon Tullock

　　Tullock's work has influenced thousands of students in Political Economy, but to my knowledge he does not have any graduate students of note.

　　What Will Gordon Tullock Be Remembered For?

　　Gordon Tullock, along with James Buchanan created public choice theory, which has revolutionized the field of political economy. Mancur Olson's The Logic of Collective Action and An Economic Theory of Democracy built on a lot of the early public choice theory and brought those ideas into the mainstram. EconLib has a terrific article on public choice theory.

　　Why Gordon Tullock May Win the Nobel Prize in 2003

　　Gordon Tullock revolutionized a field of study like few other economists ever have. Tullock is a hero of mine, so I'll be hoping that he wins.

　　Why Gordon Tullock May Not Win the Nobel Prize in 2003

　　When James Buchanan won the Nobel Prize in 1986, the Nobel commitee acknowledged the study of public choice theory. They may not want to do so again. Many economists believed that Tullock would some day win the award jointly with Mancur Olson, but Olson passed away a few years ago and is thus ineligible for the award.