悉尼·G·温特
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悉尼·G.温特
悉尼·G.温特是华盛顿特区美国审计总署（G.A.O.）首席经济学家。
1982年，理查德·R·纳尔逊（Richard.R.Nelson）和悉尼·G·温特（Sideny.G.Winter）的《经济变迁的深化理论》问世，标志着企业进化论的基本理论框架已开始逐步完整。纳尔逊和温特认为，企业的成长是通过类似生物进化的三种核心机制，即多样性、遗传性和自然选择性来完成的。组织、创新和路径依赖（Path Dependency）等进化对企业成长的影响至深，市场环境提供企业成长的界限，这一界限与企业存活能力和增长率有密切关系。纳尔逊和温特在企业生物相似性的基础上，构建了一个模拟生物的企业研究模型，该模型特别强调“惯例”（知识遗传和继承）、 “搜寻”（企业适应和惯例变异）和“市场选择”在企业演化过程中的作用。在企业进化论中，惯例是企业持久不变的行为特点，其深深植根于企业的一切思维和行为中，是可以遗传和继承的。惯例既对短期行为（如企业的某次营销活动）的思维方式和行为特征产生影响，又对企业长期行为（如基本竞争战略的选择或投资风格的确立）产生根本影响。但惯例并非一成不变，企业进化论也考虑到它受环境和随机因素的影响，否则进化也就无从谈起。
悉尼·G.温特学历
学士:斯沃斯莫尔学院,1956年；
博士:耶鲁大学，1964年；
硕士:耶鲁大学，1957年。
Research Areas
Firm capabilities; technological change; competitive advantage
Academic Positions Held
Wharton: 1993-present (named Deloitte and Touche Professor of Management, 1993; Co-Director, Reginald H. Jones Center for Management Policy, Strategy, and Organization, 1999-2007). Previous appointments: Yale University; University of Michigan; University of California, Berkeley
Positions
Chief Economist, U.S. General Accounting Office, 1989-93; Research Economist, The RAND Corporation 1966-68, 1959-61; Staff Member, Council of Economic Advisers, 1961-62
Representative Publications
(with R.R. Nelson)
An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
"Organizing for Continuous Improvement: Evolutionary Theory Meets the Quality Revolution." Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizations J. Baum and J. Singh, eds., Oxford University Press, 1994.
"Patents and Welfare in an Evolutionary Model." Industrial and Corporate Change (1993).
Artics
1. Mr, Frc & Ns, Richr & Orsig, Luigi & Witr, Siy, 2008. "Puic picis chgig uris f firms i "histry-friy" m f th c-vuti f th cmputr smicuctr iustris," Jur f Ecmic Bhvir & Orgizti, Esvir, v. 67(2), pgs 355-380, August.
Othr vrsis:Frc Mr & Richr Ns & Luigi Orsig & Siy Witr, 2007. "Puic Picis Chgig Buris f Firms i "Histry Friy" M f th C-vuti f th Cmputr Smicuctr Iustris," CESPRI Wrkig Pprs 201, CESPRI, Ctr fr Rsrch Ivti Itrtiisti, Uivrsit' Bcci, Mi, Ity, rvis Ju 2007.
2. Frc Mr & Richr Ns & Luigi Orsig & Siy Witr, 2007. "m, ivti, th ymics f mrkt structur: Th r f xprimt usrs ivrs prfrcs," Jur f Evutiry Ecmics, Sprigr, v. 17(4), pgs 371-399, August.
Othr vrsis:Frc Mr & Richr Ns & Luigi Orsig, 2003. "m, ivti th ymics f mrkt structur: th r f xprimt usrs ivrs prfrcs," CESPRI Wrkig Pprs 135, CESPRI, Ctr fr Rsrch Ivti Itrtiisti, Uivrsit' Bcci, Mi, Ity, rvis J 2003.
3. Mich G. Jcis & Siy G. Witr, 2007. "Etrprurship Firm Buris: Th Thry f "A "Firm," Jur f Mgmt Stuis, Bck Puishig, v. 44(7), pgs 1213-1241, Nvmr.
4. Siy G. Witr, 2006. "Tr -Schumptri thry f th firm," Iustri Crprt Chg, Oxfr Uivrsity Prss, v. 15(1), pgs 125-141, Frury.
Othr vrsis:Siy G. Witr, 2004. "Tr N-Schumptri Thry f th Firm," LEM Pprs Sris 2004/20, Lrtry f Ecmics Mgmt (LEM), St'A Sch f Avc Stuis, Pis, Ity.
5. Witr, Siy G., 2006. "Th gic f pprpriiity: Frm Schumptr t Arr t Tc," Rsrch Picy, Esvir, v. 35(8), pgs 1100-1106, Octr.
Othr vrsis:Siy Witr, 2006. "Th Lgic f Apprpriiity: Frm Schumptr t Arr t Tc," LEM Pprs Sris 2006/21, Lrtry f Ecmics Mgmt (LEM), St'A Sch f Avc Stuis, Pis, Ity.
6. Mrkus C. Bckr & Nthi Lzric & Richr R. Ns & Siy G. Witr, 2005. "Appyig rgizti rutis i urstig rgizti chg," Iustri Crprt Chg, Oxfr Uivrsity Prss, v. 14(5), pgs 775-791, Octr.
7. Siy Witr & Yuri Kivski & Givi si, 2003. "A si m f iustry vuti," Jur f Evutiry Ecmics, Sprigr, v. 13(4), pgs 355-383, Octr.
Othr vrsis:（1）S.G. Witr & Y.M. Kivski & G. si, 1997. "A Bsi M f Iustry Evuti," Wrkig Pprs ir97013, Itrti Istitut fr Appi Systms Aysis. （2）Siy G. Witr & Yuri M. Kivski & Givi si, 2003. "A Bsi M f Iustry Evuti," LEM Pprs Sris 2003/12, Lrtry f Ecmics Mgmt (LEM), St'A Sch f Avc Stuis, Pis, Ity.
8. Richr R. Ns & Siy G. Witr, 2002. "Evutiry Thrizig i Ecmics," Jur f Ecmic Prspctivs, Amric Ecmic Assciti, v. 16(2), pgs 23-46, Sprig.
9. Mr, Frc & Ns, Richr & Orsig, Luigi & Witr, Siy, 2001. "Cmptiti iustri picis i 'histry friy' m f th vuti f th cmputr iustry," Itrti Jur f Iustri Orgizti, Esvir, v. 19(5), pgs 635-664, Apri.
10. Frc Mr & Richr Ns & Luigi Orsig & Siy G. Witr, 2001. "Histry-Friy Ms: Ovrvi f th Cs f th Cmputr Iustry," Jur f Artifici Scitis Sci Simuti, Jur f Artifici Scitis Sci Simuti, v. 4.
11. Witr, S. G. & Kivski, Y. M. & si, G., 2000. "Mig iustri ymics ith ivtiv trts," Structur Chg Ecmic ymics, Esvir, v. 11(3), pgs 255-293, Sptmr.
Othr vrsis:（1）S.G. Witr & Y.M. Kivski & G. si, 1998. "Mig Iustri ymics ith Ivtiv Etrts," Wrkig Pprs ir98022, Itrti Istitut fr Appi Systms Aysis. （2）Syy Witr & Yuri Kivski & Givi si, 1999. "Mig Iustri ymics ith Ivtiv Etrts," LEM Pprs Sris 1999/01, Lrtry f Ecmics Mgmt (LEM), St'A Sch f Avc Stuis, Pis, Ity.
12. Kvrick, Avi K. & Lvi, Richr C. & Ns, Richr R. & Witr, Siy G., 1995. "O th surcs sigificc f itriustry iffrcs i tchgic pprtuitis," Rsrch Picy, Esvir, v. 24(2), pgs 185-205, Mrch.
Othr vrsis:Avi K. Kvrick & Richr C. Lvi & Richr R. Ns & Siy G. Witr, 1993. "O th Surcs Sigificc f Itriustry iffrcs i Tchgic Opprtuitis," Cs Futi iscussi Pprs 1052, Cs Futi, Y Uivrsity.
13. Tc, vi J. & Rumt, Richr & si, Givi & Witr, Siy, 1994. "Urstig crprt chrc : Thry vic," Jur f Ecmic Bhvir & Orgizti, Esvir, v. 23(1), pgs 1-30, Jury.
14. Ns, Richr R. & Witr, Siy G., 1993. "I srch f usfu thry f ivti," Rsrch Picy, Esvir, v. 22(2), pgs 108-108, Apri.
Puish s:Ns, Richr R. & Witr, Siy G., 1977. "I srch f usfu thry f ivti," Rsrch Picy, Esvir, v. 6(1), pgs 36-76, Jury.
15. Witr, Siy G, 1990. "Rpy [Stisficig, Scti, th Ivtig Rmt]," Th Qurtry Jur f Ecmics, MIT Prss, v. 105(4), pgs 1075-77, Nvmr.
16. Witr, Siy G, 1988. "O Cs, Cmptc, th Crprti," Jur f L, Ecmics Orgizti, Oxfr Uivrsity Prss, v. 4(1), pgs 163-80, Sprig.
17. Richr C. Lvi & Avi K. Kvrick & Richr R. Ns & Siy G. Witr, 1987. "Apprpritig th Rturs frm Iustri Rsrch vpmt," Brkigs Pprs Ecmic Activity, Ecmic Stuis Prgrm, Th Brkigs Istituti, v. 18(1987-3), pgs 783-832.
18. Witr, Siy G, 1986. "Cmmts [Rtiity f Sf Othrs i Ecmic Systm] [Aptiv Bhvir Ecmic Thry]," Jur f Busiss, Uivrsity f Chicg Prss, v. 59(4), pgs S427-34, Octr.
19. Rthum, Uri G. & Witr, Siy G., 1985. "Asympttic hvir f mrkt shrs fr stchstic grth m," Jur f Ecmic Thry, Esvir, v. 36(2), pgs 352-366, August.
20. Tc, vi J & Witr, Siy G, 1984. "Th Limits f Ncssic Thry i Mgmt Eucti," Amric Ecmic Rvi, Amric Ecmic Assciti, v. 74(2), pgs 116-21, My.
21. Witr, Siy G., 1984. "Schumptri cmptiti i trtiv tchgic rgims," Jur f Ecmic Bhvir & Orgizti, Esvir, v. 5(3-4), pgs 287-320.
22. Witr, Siy G., 1982. "Biry chic th suppy f mmry," Jur f Ecmic Bhvir & Orgizti, Esvir, v. 3(4), pgs 277-321, cmr.
23. Ns, Richr R & Witr, Siy G, 1982. "Th Schumptri Trff Rvisit," Amric Ecmic Rvi, Amric Ecmic Assciti, v. 72(1), pgs 114-32, Mrch.
24. Witr, Siy G., 1981. "Attti cti iput prprtis," Jur f Ecmic Bhvir & Orgizti, Esvir, v. 2(1), pgs 31-46, Mrch.
25. y, R. H. & Witr, S. G., 1980. "Eitri," Jur f Ecmic Bhvir & Orgizti, Esvir, v. 1(1), pgs 1-4, Mrch.
26. Ns, Richr R & Witr, Siy G, 1980. "Firm Iustry Rsps t Chg Mrkt Citis: A Evutiry Apprch," Ecmic Iquiry, Oxfr Uivrsity Prss, v. 18(2), pgs 179-202, Apri.
27. Richr R. Ns & Siy G. Witr, 1978. "Frcs Grtig Limitig Cctrti ur Schumptri Cmptiti," B Jur f Ecmics, Th RAN Crprti, v. 9(2), pgs 524-548, Autum.
28. Ns, Richr R & Witr, Siy G, 1977. "Simuti f Schumptri Cmptiti," Amric Ecmic Rvi, Amric Ecmic Assciti, v. 67(1), pgs 271-76, Frury.
29. Ns, Richr R & Witr, Siy G & Schutt, Hrrt L, 1976. "Tchic Chg i Evutiry M," Th Qurtry Jur f Ecmics, MIT Prss, v. 90(1), pgs 90-118, Frury.
30. Richr R. Ns & Siy G. Witr, 1975. "Fctr Pric Chgs Fctr Sustituti i Evutiry M," B Jur f Ecmics, Th RAN Crprti, v. 6(2), pgs 466-486, Autum.
31. Ns, Richr R & Witr, Siy G, 1975. "Grth Thry frm Evutiry Prspctiv: Th iffrti Pructivity Puzz," Amric Ecmic Rvi, Amric Ecmic Assciti, v. 65(2), pgs 338-44, My.
32. Ns, Richr R & Witr, Siy G, 1974. "Ncssic vs. Evutiry Thris f Ecmic Grth: Critiqu Prspctus," Ecmic Jur, Ry Ecmic Scity, v. 84(336), pgs 886-905, cmr.
33. Ns, Richr R & Witr, Siy G, 1973. "Tr Evutiry Thry f Ecmic Cpiitis," Amric Ecmic Rvi, Amric Ecmic Assciti, v. 63(2), pgs 440-49, My.
34. Witr, Siy G, 1971. "Stisficig, Scti, th Ivtig Rmt," Th Qurtry Jur f Ecmics, MIT Prss, v. 85(2), pgs 237-61, My.
35. Witr, Siy Jr., 1969. "A simp rmrk th sc ptimity thrm f fr cmics," Jur f Ecmic Thry, Esvir, v. 1(1), pgs 99-103, Ju.